应用real-time PCR定量检测土壤中小麦纹枯病菌方法的建立

根据小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis AG-D融合群ITS区的DNA序列设计特异性引物对WKF-8/WKR-8,对引物的特异性和灵敏性进行检测,建立并优化基于SYBR GreenⅠ荧光染料法的real-time PCR反应体系,绘制标准曲线。检测范围在1.0×10-3~10 ng/μl之间有良好的线性关系,相关系数R2为0.995,扩增效率为99.7%,灵敏度比常规PCR方法高100倍。结果表明,该方法具有快速、特异性强、敏感度高等特点。     

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF CANINE NONPARENCHYMAL HEMANGIOSARCOMA

The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe pre‐ and postcontrast computed tomographic (CT) characteristics of confirmed nonparenchymal hemangiosarcoma in a group of dogs. Medical records were searched during the period of July 2003 and October 2011 and dogs with histologically confirmed nonparenchymal hemangiosarcoma and pre‐ and postcontrast CT images were recruited. Two observers recorded a consensus opinion for the following CT characteristics for each dog: largest transverse tumor diameter, number of masses, general tumor shape, character of the tumor margin, precontrast appearance, presence of dystrophic calcification, presence of postcontrast enhancement, pattern of postcontrast enhancement, presence of regional lymphadenopathy, and presence of associated cavitary fluid. A total of 17 dogs met inclusion criteria. Tumors were located in the nasal cavity, muscle, mandible, mesentery, subcutaneous tissue, and retroperitoneal space. Computed tomographic features of nonparenchymal hemangiosarcoma were similar to those of other soft tissue sarcomas, with most tumors being heterogeneous in precontrast images, invasive into adjacent tissue, and heterogeneously contrast enhancing. One unexpected finding was the presence of intense foci of contrast enhancement in 13 of the 17 tumors (76%). This appearance, which is not typical of other soft tissue sarcomas, was consistent with contrast medium residing in vascular channels. Findings indicated that there were no unique distinguishing CT characteristics for nonparenchymal hemangiosarcoma in dogs; however, the presence of highly attenuating foci of contrast enhancement may warrant further investigation in prospective diagnostic sensitivity and treatment outcome studies.     

Myoglobin subfractions: abnormality in duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy

Human metmyoglobin was separated electrophoretically into four subfractions: Mb(1), Mb(2), Mb(3), and Mb(4), which divide into at least two biochemically independent groups: Mb(1) and Mb(2), and Mb(3), and Mb(4). In normal subjects, Mb(1) constituted the predominant component; Mb(2), Mb(3), and Mb(4) were the minor components in this descending order. In the Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy, on the contrary, a remarkable decrease in Mb(1) and a concomitant increase in Mb(3) were observed. This unique abnormality in the relative distribution of myoglobin subfractions was recognized only in the Duchenne type and not in other types of progressive muscular dystrophy or in other myopathies.     

Effects of low and high levels of maternal nutrition consumed for the entirety of gestation on the development of muscle,adipose tissue,bone, and the organs of Wagyu cattle fetuses

This study aimed to investigate the effects of high and low levels of energy intake during the entire gestation period on the skeletal muscle development, organ development, and adipose tissue accumulation in fetuses of Wagyu (Japanese Black) cows, a breed with highly marbled beef. Cows were allocated to a high-nutrition (n = 6) group (fed 120% of the nutritional requirement) or low-nutrition (n = 6) group (fed 60% of the nutritional requirement). The cows were artificially inseminated with semen from the same sire, and the fetuses were removed by cesarean section at 260 ± 8.3 days of fetal age and slaughtered. The whole-body, total muscle, adipose, and bone masses of the fetal half-carcasses were significantly higher in the high-nutrition group than the low-nutrition group (p = 0.0018, 0.009, 0.0004, and 0.0362, respectively). Fifteen of 20 individual muscles, five of six fat depots, nine of 17 organs, and seven of 12 bones that were investigated had significantly higher masses in the high-nutrition group than the low-nutrition group. The crude components and amino acid composition of the longissimus muscle significantly differed between the low- and high-nutrition groups. These data indicate that maternal nutrition during gestation has a marked effect on the muscle, bone, and adipose tissue development of Wagyu cattle fetuses.     

Screening method for determination of high levels of cadmium, lead, and copper in foods by polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry using discrete nebulization technique

A screening method for determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in foods was developed. The sample (1-3 g) is digested with HNO3-H2SO4-HClO4 in a centrifuge tube attached to a straight glass tube that prevents loss of HNO3 by volatilization. After digestion, potassium iodide, H2SO4, and MIBK (4-methyl 2-pentanone) are added, and the metals are extracted with MIBK as metal iodides. The MIBK solution is injected and the metals are determined by flame polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry using a discrete nebulization technique. Recoveries of metals from fortified milk powder, unpolished rice, fish, beef, peanut butter, apple, and cabbage were satisfactory. The analytical results for NBS Oyster Tissue and NIES Pepperbush, Chlorella, and Mussel agreed with certified or reference values except lead in Pepperbush. The limits of quantitation for cadmium, lead, and copper were 0.01, 0.09, and 0.02 ppm, respectively. This method is simple and safe for routine analysis of high levels of cadmium, lead, and copper in foods.     

黄土高原水土保持措施对侵蚀土壤发育的效应

 水土保持工程及植被措施实施,对土壤形成条件、土壤特征及土壤发育产生一定影响,而侵蚀土壤发育程度是评价土壤质量变化及其生态环境效应的重要基础。研究黄土高原水土保持措施对侵蚀土壤理化性质、发育和功能的影响,可为水土保持综合治理,改善黄土高原生态环境提供依据。评述长期定位试验的方法及以空间代替时间的原理,研究了在实施不同水土保持措施后,土壤基本理化性状的变化特征。结果表明:随着措施实施年限的增加,土壤的水分环境和土壤有机碳含量发生了明显改善,对土壤结构和功能产生了影响。证明水土保持措施对侵蚀土壤的发育有一定促进作用。     

新疆草畜联营合作社绩效评价指标体系的构建及验证

为给草畜联营合作社的绩效评价提供科学依据,同时充实农业专业合作社绩效评价的理论体系,通过对新疆昌吉州20个草畜联营合作社的实地调查,分析合作社的发展现状,明确提出草畜联营合作社绩效评价的原则、思路及方法,从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和可持续发展效益4个方面建立了草畜联营合作社绩效评价指标体系;利用因子分析法对该绩效评价指标体系进行合理性检验。结果表明：4个方面主因子对应特征值的累计贡献率达82．35％。说明,设计的绩效评价指标基本上包含了影响草畜联营合作社绩效的绝大部分信息。经验证,该评价指标体系较合理。     

农田秸秆覆盖率检测方法与试验

针对秸秆覆盖率检测准确率易受光照不均匀影响以及现有检测方法对无秸秆图像检测精度较差的问题,提出一种基于图像行平均灰度标准差分类及图像分块可变阈值检测法。首先通过计算图像的行平均灰度标准差对图像进行分类,将标准差小于阈值的图像判断为无秸秆覆盖;然后将标准差大于阈值的图像划分成多个子块,对每个子块分别采用最大类间方差法进行阈值分割;最后将所有子块重新组合,用基本的形态学法计算目标图像的秸秆覆盖率。试验结果表明,该方法在很大程度上减少光照不均匀对检测结果的影响,对秸秆均匀分布图像的检测误差为2.87%,对无秸秆覆盖图像的检测误差为0.45%,能够提高农田秸秆覆盖率检测方法的适用性。     

In vitro assessment of the antiparasitic effect of caprylic acid against several fish parasites

The antiparasitic effect of caprylic acid against several fish parasites, i.e., the ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans (theronts), monogenean Benedenia seriolae (oncomiracidia and adults), copepod Pseudocaligus fugu (copepodids and adults) and myxosporean Kudoa shiomitsui (spores), was examined by in vitro trials.

Caprylic acid at a concentration of 1 mM had a parasiticidal effect against C. irritans theronts, B. seriolae oncomiracidia and K. shiomitsui spores and a contractile effect against B. seriolae adults, but had no clear effect against P. fugu copepodids and adults. These results suggest that caprylic acid may have an antiparasitic effect against various fish parasites, including parasites classified as monogenea, ciliates and myxosporea.     

树形对鲜黄梨果实糖积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的影响

以鲜黄梨为试材,应用WinsCanopy2005a冠层分析仪和光合测定仪对平棚形、V字形和疏散分层形3种树形的冠层结构特点和光合能力进行比较,测定果实发育过程中糖分含量及山梨醇转化酶活性,研究树形对果实中糖分积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:平棚形冠层开度和冠下直射、散射及总光合光量子通量密度显著高于其他2种树形,其透光性最好,光合能力最强。果实中可溶性总糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、山梨醇的含量及山梨醇转化酶活性均以平棚形最高,V字形次之,疏散分层形最低且差异显著。果实在发育前期均以积累山梨醇和淀粉为主,后期以积累果糖为主;山梨醇脱氢酶和山梨醇氧化酶在果实发育早中期活性逐渐增加,后期二者活性降低,但较前期高。